Astaxanthin**

1.   Goodwin TW. Metabolism, nutrition, and function of carotenoids. Annu Rev Nutr 1986;6:273-97.     
2.   Kobayashi M, Kakizono T, Nishio N, et al. Antioxidant role of astaxanthin in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997;48:351-6.
3.   Astaxanthin biochemical properties website. URL: http://www.astaxanthin.org. (Accessed 5 June 2002).
4.   Naguib YM. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:1150-4.
5. Radford, Tim (30 July 2002). "Scientists find why lobsters turn red when cooked". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,765263,00.html. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
6. Pattenden, Gerald (2005). "Basil Charles Leicester Weedon". Volume 51. jstor: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. pp. 426–436. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036907. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
7. http://www.chiro.org/nutrition/FULL/Pioneering_Astaxanthin.shtml
8. http://products.mercola.com/astaxanthin
9. Naguib YM. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem 2000 Apr;48(4):1150-4; Fukuhara K., Inokami Y., Tokumura A., Terao J., Suzuki A., Lipids, 33, 751—756 (1998).
10.   Kang JO, Kim SJ, Kim H. Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver of CCl4-treated rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2001;23:79-84.
11. Astaxanthin inhibits reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular toxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via mitochondria-targeted protective mechanism. Xuebo Liua, Takahiro Shibataa, Shinsuke Hisakaa and Toshihiko Osawa Brain Research Volume 1254, 13 February 2009, Pages 18-27
12. Miyawaki et al., (2005). Effects of astaxanthin on human blood rheology. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(4):421-429.
13. Nagaki et al. (2005). The effects of astaxanthin on retinal capillary blood flow in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(5):537-542.
14. Antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes; Kiyotaka Nakagawaa1 c1, Takehiro Kikoa1, Taiki Miyazawaa1, Gregor Carpentero Burdeosa1, Fumiko Kimuraa1, Akira Satoha2 and Teruo Miyazawaa1; Human and Clinical Nutrition; British Journal of Nutrition.
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16.   O'Connor I, O'Brien N. Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 1998;16:226-230.
17. O'Connor, I. and O'Brien, N. "Modulation of UVA Ligh-induced Oxidative Stress by beta-carotene, luein, and astaxanthin in cultured Fibroblasts" Journal of Dermatological Science 16 (1998); 226-230
18. Yamashita, E., (2006), The Effects of a Dietary Supplement Containing Astaxanthin on Skin Condition. Carotenoid Science, 10:91-95.
19. http://www.naturalhealthweb.com/articles/honour2.html
20.   Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, et al. Astaxathin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen. J Nutr 1995;125:2483-92.
21.   Chew BP, Wong MW, Park JS, et al. Dietary beta-carotene and astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte function in mice. Anticancer Res 1999;19;5223-8. 22. http://www.naturalbiology.com/category_s/78.htm
22. http://www.naturealbiology.com/category_s/78.htm
23. Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. Marcello Santoconoa, Monica Zurriaa, Marco Berrettinib, Donatella Fedelib and Giancarlo Falcionib. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology Volume 85, Issue 3, 1 December 2006, Pages 205-215
24.   Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, et al. A comparison of the Anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Anticancer Res 1999;19:1849-54.
25.   Tanaka T, Morishita Y, Suzui M, et al. Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:15-9.
26.   Tanaka T, Makita H, Oshnishi M, et al. Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin, and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res 1995;55:4059-64.
27.   Gradelet S, Le Bon AM, Berges R, et al. Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat: role of the modulation of aflatoxin B1 metabolism. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:403-11.
28.   Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Gross MD. Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action. Nutr Cancer 2000;36:59-65.
29. Retrometabolic syntheses of astaxanthin: a novel approach to oral and parenteral cardio-protection. Lockwood SF, Jackson HL, Gross GJ. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2006 Oct;4(4):335-49.
30. Ikeuchi et al., (2006). Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise induced fatigue in mice. Bio. Pharm. Bull. 29(10):2106-2110.
31. Sawaki, K. et al. (2002) Sports performance benefits from taking natural astaxanthin characterized by visual activity and muscle fatigue improvements in humans. Journal of Clinical Therapeutics & Medicine 18(9):73-88. J. Clin. Ther. Med. 18(9):73-88.
32. Guerin, M., Huntley, M., Olaizola, M. (2002)."Haematococcus astaxanthin: health and nutrition applications" International Society for Applied hycology/9th International Congress on Applied Phycology, May 26-30, 2002, Almeria, Spain
33. Uchiyama K et al, Astaxanthin protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep. 2002;7(5):290-   
34.** Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P119-120.

Resveratrol**

1.   Agri Res Svc: Dr. Duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. www.ars-grin.gov/duke (Accessed 3 November 1999).
2.   Soleas GJ, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM. Resveratrol: a molecule whose time has come? And gone? Clin Biochem 1997;30:91-113.
3.   Davy BM, Melby CL, Beske SD, et al. Oat consumption does not affect resting casual and ambulatory 24-h arterial blood pressure in men with high-normal blood pressure to stage I hypertension. J Nutr 2002;132:394-8.
4.   Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 1997;275:218-20.
5.   Hascalik S, Celik O, Turkoz Y, et al. Resveratrol, a red wine constituent polyphenol, protects from ischemia-reperfusion damage of the ovaries. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004;57:218-23.
6.   Savaskan E, Olivieri G, Meier F, et al. Red wine ingredient resveratrol protects from beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Gerontology 2003;49:380-3.
7.   Mokni M, Limam F, Elkahoui S, et al. Strong cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, on isolated rat hearts after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007;457:1-6.
8.   Pace-Asciak CR, Rounova O, Hahn SE, et al. Wines and grape juices as modulators of platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1996;246:163-82.
9.   Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Bernini W, et al. Antiplatelet activity of cis-resveratrol. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22:61-3.
10.   Pace-Asciak CR, Hahn S, Diamandis EP, et al. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 1995;235:207-19.
11.   Bertelli A, Bertelli AA, Gozzini A, Giovannini L. Plasma and tissue resveratrol concentrations and pharmacological activity. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1998;24:133-8. 12.   Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Giannessi D, et al. Antiplatelet activity of synthetic and natural resveratrol in red wine. Int J Tissue React 1995;17:1-3.
13.   Wang Z, Huang Y, Zou J, et al. Effects of red wine and wine polyphenol resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2002;9:77-9.
14.   Chen CK, Pace-Asciak CR. Vasorelaxing activity of resveratrol and quercetin in isolated rat aorta. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:363-6.
15.   Baur JA, Pearson KJ, Price NL, et al. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 2006;444:337-42.
16.   Bujanda L, Garcia-Barcina M, Gutierrez-de Juan V, et al. Effect of resveratrol on alcohol-induced mortality and liver lesions in mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2006;6:35. 17.   Huang C, Ma WY, Goranson A, Dong Z. Resveratrol suppresses cell transformation and induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:237-42.
18.   Carbo N, Costelli P, Baccino FM, et al. Resveratrol, a natural product present in wine, decreases tumour growth in a rat tumour model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;254:739-43.
19.   Takada Y, Bhardwaj A, Potdar P, Aggarwal BB. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene 2004;23:9247-58.
20.   Opipari AW Jr, Tan L, Boitano AE, et al. Resveratrol-induced autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:696-703.
21.   Schneider Y, Vincent F, Duranton B, et al. Anti-proliferative effect of resveratrol, a natural component of grapes and wine, on human colonic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2000;158:85-91.
22.   Kim YA, Choi BT, Lee YT, et al. Resveratrol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Oncol Rep 2004;11:441-6.
23.   Wang Q, Li H, Wang XW, et al. Resveratrol promotes differentiation and induces Fas-independent apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 2003;351:83-6.
24.   Scarlatti F, Sala G, Somenzi G, et al. Resveratrol induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in metastatic breast cancer cells via de novo ceramide signaling. FASEB J 2003;17:2339-41.
25.   Trincheri NF, Nicotra G, Follo C, et al. Resveratrol induces cell death in colorectal cancer cells by a novel pathway involving lysosomal cathepsin D. Carcinogenesis 2007;28:922-31.
26.   Kozuki Y, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Resveratrol suppresses hepatoma cell invasion independently of its anti-proliferative action.Cancer Lett 2001;167:151-6.
27.   Murias M, Handler N, Erker T, et al. Resveratrol analogues as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem 2004;12:5571-8.
28.   Holmes-McNary M, Baldwin AS, Jr. Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the IkappaB kinase. Cancer Res 2000;60:3477-83.
29   Szewczuk LM, Forti L, Stivala LA, Penning TM. Resveratrol is a peroxidase mediated inactivator of COX-1 but not COX-2: A mechanistic approach to the design of COX-1 selective agents. J Biol Chem 2004;279:22727-37.
30.   Zhang Y, Jayaprakasam B, Seeram NP, et al. Insulin secretion and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition by cabernet sauvignon grape skin compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:228-33.
31.   Hwang D, Fischer NH, Jang BC, et al. Inhibition of the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase and proinflammatory cytokines by sesquiterpene lactones in macrophages correlates with the inhibition of MAP kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;226:810-8.
32.   Pervaiz S. Resveratrol: from grapevines to mammalian biology. FASEB J 2003;17:1975-85.
33.   Elmali N, Baysal O, Harma A, et al. Effects of resveratrol in inflammatory arthritis. Inflammation 2007;30:1-6.
34.   Culpitt SV, Rogers DF, Fenwick PS, et al. Inhibition by red wine extract, resveratrol, of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages in COPD. Thorax 2003;58:942-6.
35. **Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1445-1447.

Quercetin**

1.   Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: A preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urol 1999;54:960-3.
2.   Anon. Quercetin. Alt Med Rev 1998;3:140-3.
3.   Lean ME, Noroozi M, Kelly I. Dietary flavonols protect diabetic human lymphocytes against oxidative damage to DNA. Diabetes 1999;48:176-81.
4.   Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, et al. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-1011.
5.   Nemeth K, Piskula MK. Food content, processing, absorption and metabolism of onion flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007;47:397-409.
6.   Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, et al. Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1561-9.
7.   Harwood M, Danielewska-Nikiel B, Borzelleca JF, et al. A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic / carcinogenic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:2179-205.
8.   Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM, et al. Quercetin's influence on exercise-induced changes in plasma cytokines and muscle and leukocyte cytokine mRNA. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:1728-35.
10.   Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM, et al. Quercetin ingestion does not alter cytokine changes in athletes competing in the Western States Endurance Run. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007;27:1003-11.
11.   Starvic B. Quercetin in our diet: from potent mutagen to probable anticarcinogen. Clin Biochem 1994;27:245-8.
12.   Nöthlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, et al. Flavonols and pancreatic cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:924-31.
13.   Bobe G, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, et al. Flavonoid intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:553-62. 14.   Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Hecht JL, et al. A prospective study of dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2007;121:2225-32.
15.   El Attar TM, Virji AS. Modulating effect of resveratrol and quercetin on oral cancer cell growth and proliferation. Anticancer Drugs 1999;10:187-93.
16.   Koga T, Meydani M. Effect of plasma metabolites of (+)-catechin and quercetin on monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:941-8. 17.   Perez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J, Andriantsitohaina R. Endothelial function and cardiovascular disease: effects of quercetin and wine polyphenols. Free Radic Res 2006;40:1054-65.
18.   Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, et al. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 2007;137:2405-11.
19. *Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1421-1425.

N-acetyl Cysteine**

1.   van Zandwijk N. N-acetylcysteine for lung cancer prevention. Chest 1995;107:1437-41.
2.   Weinbroum AA, Rudick V, Ben-Abraham R, Karchevski E. N-acetyl-L-cysteine for preventing lung reperfusion injury after liver ischemia-reperfusion: a possible dual protective mechanism in a dose-response study. Transplantation 2000;69:853-9.
3.   Kelly GS. Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:114-27.
4.   Marchetti G, Lodola E, Licciardello L, Colombo A. Use of N-acetylcysteine in the management of coronary artery diseases. Cardiologia 1999;44:633-7.
5.   McKevoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
6.   Chyka PA, Butler AY, Holliman BJ, Herman MI. Utility of acetylcysteine in treating poisonings and adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf 2000;22:123-48.
7.   Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, et al. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 2000;343:180-4.
8.   Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JKM, et al. NAC for noise: From the bench top to the clinic. Hear Res 2007;226:114-25.
9.   Lorito G, Giordano P, Prosser S, et al. Noise-induced hearing loss: a study on the pharmacological protection in the Sprague Dawley rat with N-acetyl-cysteine. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2006;26:133-9.
10.   Dickey DT, Muldoon LL, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by N-acetylcysteine in a rat model. Hear Res 2004;193:25-30.
11.   Duan M, Qiu J, Laurell G, et al, Dose and time-dependent protection of the antioxidant N-L-acetycysteine against impulse noise trauma. Hear Res 2004;192:1-9.
12. *Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1214-1218.
13.   Kopke RD, Weisskopf PA, Boone JL, et al. Reduction of noise-induced hearing loss using L-NAC and salicylate in the chinchilla. Hear Res 2000;149:138-146.

Lycopene**

1.   Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:563-9.
2.   Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Sakr W, et al. Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:861-8.
3.   Norrish AE, Jackson RT, Sharpe SJ, Skeaff CM. Prostate cancer and dietary carotenoids. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:119-23.
4.   Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1691S-5S.
5.   Rao AV, Agarwal S. Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer. Nutr Cancer 1998;31:199-203.
6.   USDA. NCC Carotenoid Database for U.S. Foods. 1998. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html.
7.   Lu QY, Hung JC, Heber D, et al. Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:749-56.
8.   Kohlmeier L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, et al. Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:618-26.
9.   Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, et al. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation 2003;108:802-7.
10.   Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr 2003;133:2336-41.
11.   Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 1999;59:1225-30.
12.   Clinton SK, Emenhiser C, Schwartz SJ, et al. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:823-33.
13. **Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1122-1133.
14.   Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1767-76.
15.   Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:317-31.
16.   Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, et al. Diet and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 1999;80:704-8.

Milk Thistle**

1.   Venkataramanan R, Ramachandran V, Komoroski BJ, et al. Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:1270-3.
2.   Boerth J, Strong KM. The clinical utility of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in cirrhosis of the liver. J Herb Pharmacother 2002;2:11-7.
3.   Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, Benner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:139-43.
4.   Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, De Monte A, et al. Long-term (12 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. J Hepatol 1997;26:871-9. 5.   Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 2006;20;1036-9.
6.   Feher J, Deak G, Muzes G, et al. [Liver-protective action of silymarin therapy in chronic alcoholic liver diseases]. [Article in Hungarian]. Orv Hetil 1989;130:2723-7.
7.   Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Hepatol 1989;9:105-13.
8.   Salmi HA, Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;17:517-21.
9.   Bunout D, Hirsch S, Petermann M. [Controlled study of the effect of silymarin on alcoholic liver disease.] [Article in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil 1992;120:1370-5. 10.   Trinchet JC, Coste T, Levy VG. [Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with silymarin. A double-blind comparative study in 116 patients]. [Article in French]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1989;13:120-4.
11.   Pares A, Planas R, Torres M, et al. Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J Hepatol 1998;28:615-21.
12.   Rambaldi A, Jacobs B, Iaquinto G, Gluud C. Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD003620.
13   Buzzelli G, Moscarella S, Giusti A, et al. A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB1016) in chronic active hepatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993;31:456-60.
14.   Tanamly MD, Tadros F, Labeeb S, et al. Randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C in an Egyptian village: study description and 12-month results. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:752-9.
15.   Szilard S, Szentgyorgyi D, Demeter I. Protective effect of Legalon in workers exposed to organic solvents. Acta Med Hung 1988;45:249-56..
16.   Sonnenbichler J, Scalera F, Sonnenbichler I, Weyhenmeyer R. Stimulatory effects of silibinin and silicristin from the milk thistle Silybum marianum on kidney cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:1375-83.
17. **Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1190-1193.
18.   Zhu W, Zhang JS, Young CY. Silymarin inhibits function of the androgen receptor by reducing nuclear localization of the receptor in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Carcinogenesis 2001;22:1399-403

Turmeric**

1.   Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease (letter). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:110-3.
2.   Araujo CC, Leon LL. Biological activities of Curcuma longa L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001;96:723-8.
3.   Antony S, Kuttan R, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin. Immunol Invest 1999;28:291-303.
4   Zhang F, Altorki NK, Mestre JR, et al. Curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in bile acid- and phorbol ester-treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:445-51.
5   Surh YJ. Anti-tumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities: a short review. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1091-7.
6.   Takada Y, Bhardwaj A, Potdar P, Aggarwal BB. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene 2004;23:9247-58.
7.   Deeb D, Xu YX, Jiang H, et al. Curcumin (diferuloyl-methane) enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:95-103.
8. **Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1684-1686.
9.   Thaloor D, Singh AK, Sidhu GS, et al. Inhibition of angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by curcumin. Cell Growth Differ 1998;9:305-12.

Selenium**

1.  Combs GF Jr. Selenium in global food systems. Br J Nutr 2001;85:517-47.
2.   Baum MK, Miguez-Burbano MJ, Campa A, Shor-Posner G. Selenium and interleukins in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2000;182 Suppl 1:S69-73.
3.   Neve J. New approaches to assess selenium status and requirement. Nutr Rev 2000;58:363-9.
4.   Sher L. Role of selenium depletion in the etiopathogenesis of depression in patient with alcoholism. Med Hypotheses 2002;59:330-3.
5.   Ustundag Y, Boyacioglu S, Haberal A, et al. Plasma and gastric tissue selenium levels in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;32:405-8. 6.   Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000;356:233-41.
7. Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1516-1523.

Vitamin C**

1.   Kasa RM. Vitamin C: from scurvy to the common cold. Am J Med Technol 1983;49:23-6.
2.   Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, et al. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;281:1415-23.
3.   Simon JA, Hudes ES. Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:931-6.
4.   McKevoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
5.   Johnston CS, Thompson LL. Vitamin C status of an outpatient population. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:366-70.
6.   Padayatty SJ, Levine M. New insights into the physiology and pharmacology of vitamin C. CMAJ 2001;164:353-5.
7.   Vilter RW. Nutritional aspects of ascorbic acid: uses and abuses. West J Med 1980;133:485-92.
8.   Leibovitz B, Siegel BV. Ascorbic acid and the immune response. Adv Exp Med Biol 1981;135:1-25.
9. Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1720-1732.
10.   Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, et al. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA 1999;281:1415-23.

Vitamin E**

1.      Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
2.   Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN. gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:714-22.
3.   Vitamin E and heart disease. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2000;16(3):160307.
4.   Blumenthal RD, Lew W, Reising A, et al. Antioxidant vitamins reduce normal tissue toxicity induced by radio-immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2000;86:276-80.
5. **Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P1744-1758.
6.   van Tits LJ, Demacker PN, de Graaf J, et al. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreases production of superoxide and cytokines by leukocytes ex vivo in both normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:458-64.
7.   Meydani M. Effect of functional food ingredients: vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular diseases and immune status in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1665S-8S.

Beta-carotene**

1.   Patrick L. Beta-carotene: the controversy continues. Alt Med Rev 2000;5:530-45. 2.   Hickenbottom SJ, Follett JR, Lin Y, et al. Variability in conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A in men as measured by using a double-tracer study design. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:900-7.
3.   Omenn GS. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: the rise and demise of beta-carotene. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:73-99.
4.   Cooper DA, Eldridge AL, Peters JC. Dietary carotenoids and certain cancers, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration: a review of recent research. Nutr Rev 1999;57:201-14.
5.   Erlinger TP, Guallar E, Miller ER, et al. Relationship between systemic markers of inflammation and serum beta-carotene levels. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1903-8.
6.   van der Vliet A. Cigarettes, cancer and the carotenoids: a continuing, unresolved antioxidant paradox. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1421-3.
7.   Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al. Daily sunscreen applications and beta-carotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:723-9.
8.   Prakash P, Russell RM, Krinsky NI. In vitro inhibition of proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells treated with carotenoids or retinoids. J Nutr 2001;131:1574-80.
9.   Kumar B, Cole WC, Prasad KN. Alpha tocopheryl succinate, retinoic acid and polar carotenoids enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of a cholesterol-lowering drug on immortalized and transformed nerve cells in culture. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:628-36. 10.   Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. Nutr Rev 2000;58:39-53.
11. Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P165-170.

Alpha-lipoic acid**

1.   Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med 1995;19:227-50.
2.   Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Vincent KR, Taylor AG. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in peripheral arterial disease: a pilot study. J Alt Complement Med 2007;13:577-84.
3.   Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22:359-78.
4.   Packer L. Antioxidant properties of lipoic acid and its therapeutic effects in prevention of diabetes complications and cataracts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;738:257-64. 5.   Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med 1995;19:227-50.
6.   Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes Care 2003;26:770-6.
7.   Fuchs J, Schofer H, Milbradt R, et al. Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:1359-62.
8.   Baur A, Harrer T, Peukert M, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:722-4. 9.   Conlon BJ, Aran JM, Erre JP, Smith DW. Attenuation of aminoglycoside-induced cochlear damage with the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Hear Res 1999;128:40-4.
10. Jellin JM, Gregory PJ, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/Prescriber’s Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. 12th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Faculty; 2009: P57-60.
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12.   Altenkirch H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Wagner HM, et al. Effects of lipoic acid in hexacarbon-induced neuropathy. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:619-22.
13.   Vilas GL, Aldonatti C, San Martin de Viale LC, Rios de Molina MC. Effect of Alpha-lipoic acid amide on hexachlorobenzene porphyria. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1999;47:815-23.

1.     What are the health benefits of taking Max-Antioxidants?

The powerful natural antioxidants in the Max-Antioxidants are scientifically designed to maximally reduce cellular damage from free radicals; promote younger, longer, and more vital life; maintain superior immune health, and support optimum anti-aging.*

2.     Is it best to take the Max-Antioxidants with meal?

Yes, it is always best to take your nutritional supplements with a meal. This allows your body to absorb the nutrients more efficiently and with a greater degree of tolerance.*

3.     How many Max-Antioxidants capsules should I take a day?

For adult, take 1-2 capsules with meal each day.

* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.